PrefBlog

Global markets are getting more efficient:

Computer-based trading in India’s $1.5 trillion stock market may double to half of all orders within three years as demand for speedier execution surges, according to the Bombay Stock Exchange.

Automated programs carry out about 25 percent of Indian orders currently, Sayee Srinivasan, head of product strategy at Asia’s oldest bourse, said in an interview yesterday. About 60 percent of U.S. stock trades daily come from firms that rely on fast-paced executions, according to Tabb Group LLC.
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Goldman Sachs Group Inc. (GS), Credit Suisse Group AG (CSGN) and Nomura Holdings Inc. (8604) say a mix of tight buy and sell spreads, a large volume of smaller orders and no midday break make India ideally suited for growth in algorithmic trading.

The BSE and National Stock Exchange of India Ltd., the nation’s biggest, started high-speed trading in 2009, about a year before the Tokyo Stock Exchange Group Inc. introduced its Arrowhead platform that cut processing to 5 milliseconds from 2 to 3 seconds. Australia’s ASX Ltd. in December moved to a platform that reduced the average time to 250 microseconds from 3 milliseconds.
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India “is a big priority for us,” Murat Atamer, head of electronic trading product at Credit Suisse in Hong Kong, said in a phone interview. High-frequency trading accounts for as much as 60 percent of trades done by some of firm’s clients in the South Asian nation, greater than the proportion in Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore, he said.

The TMX Annual Report talks a lot about its “low latency”, but doesn’t provide any numbers … which reminds me of the time, years ago, when I was buying a new computer. Due to the state of the art at the time, the speed of the L2 onboard cache was an important determinant of total speed – so I asked the friendly salesman what it was. After nagging him for a couple of days, I finally got an exasperated answer: “Look, it’s fast OK? It’s fast.”. I changed suppliers shortly afterwards.

All I can find for the TSX is a 6-millisecond response time for the Quantum system in 2008, but I don’t even know whether that measurement is comparable to the latencies discussed above. Still, if they were tops you know we’d never hear the end of it. A recent TMX release trumpets “40,000 order messages per second”, which imples 25-microseconds per message if they’re sequential, but again I don’t know if that’s a comparable number – I suspect not, since the feeds are partitioned.

Gwyn Morgan shows a prediliction for easy answers in his column Wanted: clear thinking on educating the work force:

In a recent column, I criticized Canadian universities for turning away up to half of applicants for in-demand programs such as engineering, information technology and health care, while continuing to allocate much of their money to programs with poor job prospects.
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The person went on to say that arts and classics students “understand that their mind is theirs to educate for their fulfilment, not to train for some random future employer.” Another respondent noted that liberal arts courses “educate the mind to think.” Both apparently believe that possession of an arts degree is a vital prerequisite to one’s ability to actually think.

Naturally, there is no discussion on the actual hiring process. In my experience, corporate hiring is abysmal, with grossly incompetent Human Resource people trying to find precise matches of presumed skills to presumed needs. The best example is Commerce degrees – does anybody know anybody with a B.Comm. who can actually do anything? Who did anything in University other than regurgitate superficial explanations of high-level economics? Yet these people are in demand – hiring them is a low-risk proposition for an HR specialist.

Aside from those with actual skill-sets (such as engineering, hard sciences, nursing, etc.), the only people worth hiring for entry-level jobs are those who adored their University studies and as a result worked their buns off. Doesn’t matter if the particular subject was Ancient Greek Pottery or Economics. Once you know how to work, how to think, how to meet a deadline … the rest is just details.

Mind you, for analytical work I have a strong preference for science grads – hard science, mind you – on the grounds that by both prediliction and training, they are likely to believe that for any question, there’s exactly one correct answer.

Royal Bank’s American unit was downgraded:

Standard & Poor’s has downgraded its ratings on RBC Bank (USA) to BBB from A- as a result of changes to Royal Bank of Canada’s long-term strategic plan for its U.S. commercial banking subsidiary amid reports the operation is up for sale.
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The rating agency said this is primarily a result of the highliy competitive U.S. banking landscape and RBC Bank’s small regional presence.

S&P also revised its view of RBC Bank to “non-strategically important” from “strategically important,” which shaved three notches off its rating. However, it applied one notch of support to reflect the bank’s shared branding, infrastructure, management, liquidity and capital support from its parent.

The Portuguese Emperor is contemplating action against the boy who shouted ‘No clothes!’:

Portuguese authorities have opened a criminal inquiry into three international credit rating agencies following a complaint, the Attorney General’s office said Monday.

The inquiry is based on a complaint filed last month by four Portuguese academics, an official with the Attorney General’s office said on condition of anonymity, in keeping with departmental regulations.

The four economists claimed the agencies — Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s and Fitch — caused severe financial losses for Portugal and demanded to know whether they profited from the ratings.

They also complained that the agencies dominated the ratings market and want to know whether competition rules were broken.

The inquiry will determine whether there is evidence for charges to be brought.

It was another strong day across the board for the Canadian preferred share market, with PerpetualDiscounts up 31bp, FixedResets gaining 11bp and DeemedRetractibles winning 23bp. Not much volatility. Good volume, with some very impressive spikes.

One thing that may be helping the US economy is squatters’ rent:

Millions of Americans have more money to spend since they fell delinquent on their mortgages amid the worst housing collapse since the Great Depression. They are staying in their homes for free about a year and a half on average, buying time to restructure their finances and providing an unexpected support for consumer spending, which makes up about 70 percent of the economy.

So-called “squatter’s rent,” or the increase to income from withheld mortgage payments, will be an estimated $50 billion this year, according to Michael Feroli, chief U.S. economist at JPMorgan Chase & Co. in New York. The extra cash could represent a boost to spending that’s equal to about half the estimated savings generated by cuts to payroll withholding in December’s bipartisan tax plan.

Even after all the carnage, the situation is still deteriorating:

More than 28 percent of U.S. homeowners owed more than their properties were worth in the first quarter as values fell the most since 2008, Zillow Inc. said today.

Homeowners with negative equity increased from 22 percent a year earlier as home prices slumped 8.2 percent over the past 12 months, the Seattle-based company said. About 27 percent of homes were “underwater” in the fourth quarter, according to Zillow, which runs a website with property-value estimates and real-estate listings.

Home prices fell 3 percent in the first quarter and will drop as much as 9 percent this year as foreclosures spread and unemployment remains high, Zillow Chief Economist Stan Humphries said. Prices won’t find a floor until 2012, he said.

Thinking of protesting your credit card bill? Don’t:

Three Citibank debt collectors allegedly killed Irzen Octa, 50, secretary general of the National Unity Party (PPB), on Tuesday after he protested an increased credit card bill, the police said on Thursday.

“The motive of the murder is due to debt [issues], a credit card bill that didn’t fit [the formerly-given figure],” South Jakarta Police chief detective Adj. Sr. Comr. Budi Irawan said on Thursday.

Budi said the victim objected to his Citibank credit card bill, which had grown to Rp 100 million (US$11,500) from the Rp 48 million of which Irzen had been expecting.

Irzen only learned of the “unfitting” bill as he was about to pay it at the Citibank office branch at Jamsostek Tower in South Jakarta on Tuesday, the police said.

“We’ve found evidence at the crime scene in form of blood traces on the curtains and on the walls of the room on the fifth floor,” he added.

Budi said Citibank debt collectors A., H. and D., now named suspects, attacked Irzen because they were angered by his protest.

Forensic results show broken blood vessels in the victim’s brain.

SEC Chairman Mary L. Schapiro used an opportunity to vilify High Frequency Trading in a speech to the Investment Company Institute:

In thinking through our next steps, we need to consider several important questions:

• First, what is “excessive short-term volatility?” Put another way, what level of volatility is appropriate in continuous trading, and at what point should circuit breakers or limit up/limit down take effect?
• Second, how does excessive volatility affect – and how is it affected by – different market participants, including traders, investors, individual securities and mutual funds?
• And finally, should high-frequency traders, who often derive significant benefit from their role as de facto market makers, also have the obligations of market makers as well as other responsibilities with respect to the impact of their technology and trading strategies on the markets?

There are a number of similarities between 1962 and 2010. For example, neither of these severe price moves could be readily explained by a particular news event. On both days, some market data systems were overwhelmed by the heavy volume.

And, in both instances, the sudden declines struck at investor confidence, leading them to question the stability and integrity of the equity markets.

But the differences between those two events are even more striking.

First, the magnitude of the declines, both at the broad market index level and for worst-hit individual securities, was much more severe in 2010 than 1962. In ‘62, the Dow declined to intraday lows of 6.3 percent compared to 9.9 percent on May 6. And one of the worst-hit individual securities in 1962 dropped 9.3 percent in a 12-minute period. In 2010, many securities lost 100 percent of their value in a matter of seconds.

Perhaps the biggest difference – and one that may help explain the difference in the magnitudes of the declines – is the volume and trading behavior of the professional traders who were expected to be the primary liquidity providers.

In ’62, the specialists who were then the primary liquidity providers, represented approximately 17 percent of market volume and were net buyers in aggregate during the decline. In 2010, the high frequency traders who are today’s liquidity providers represented well more than 50 percent of market volume and were net aggressive sellers during the broad index price decline.

High frequency traders turned what was a very down day for many investors into a very profitable one for themselves by taking liquidity rather than providing it. I think their activity that day should cause us to thoroughly examine their current role.
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Also, if the plan is approved, these pauses could provide a period in which market participants have an opportunity to assess the market and decide whether and at what prices they wish to buy or sell. The result should be trading driven less by momentum-seeking algorithms and more by rational trading based on fundamentals.
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We need to continue examining the effects of high speed trading on the markets and on buy-side and fundamental investors. The role of these traders, whose prominence in the markets seems only to increase, should be subject to further scrutiny. The possibility of imposing obligations during times of potential turmoil must remain on the table. And we need to pay attention to other potential flaws that could bring about equally disruptive events.

I’m sure that anybody offered the chance to get the deal that market-makers got in 1962 would jump at the chance. Fixed Commissions! One-eighth ticks! Preferential access to the order book!

She continues to ignore the impact of Stop-Loss orders – and it is Stop-Loss orders, I remain convinced, that turned a hiccup into a rout. There’s an example of a “momentum-seeking algorithm” if ever there was one!

It is also interesting that she refers to profits of HFT – I haven’t seen the question of HFT profitability addressed before. I’m sure that there are some players who made good money – but where are the figures?

The other statement of interest is the notion of imposing obligations on HFT to make markets. Generally, market makers have obligations for which they are paid in privileges. I find it very difficult to believe that the SEC intends to grant privileges to HFT, so the SEC will have to recast some otherwise normal elements of market activity as privileges. This is a very slippery slope; and there is still nothing being done about the Stop-Loss Orders.

The Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City has released the May 2011 Edition of Fed Letter:

The May 2011 issue of Fed Letter contains the following articles: Ag finance conditions strengthen, databook finds; Community Affairs newsletter now available; District manufacturing moderates in April; Latest Economic Review research available; and Regulatory Developments.

Remember Basis Yield Alpha Fund? It was one of the first hedge funds to go under during the credit crunch, despite the managers’ assurances that they were pretty smart cookies. But the whining continues:

The day after the United States Senate released what has been described as a “scathing report” on the activities of Goldman Sachs leading up to and during the financial crisis, Australian-based Basis Yield Alpha Fund (which has waged a legal battle with the investment bank over its Timberwolf CDO), released a comment saying “Yesterday’s Senate Report confirms that in fact Goldman made a concerted effort to mislead and defraud investors, including Basis.”

The Basis Fund suit was filed in June 2010 after the fund saw an $80m investment into Timberwolf disintegrated in a matter of weeks (the suit alleges the fund lost $50m in losses and margin calls). The fund is arguing that Goldman used aggressive sales tactics and assurances that the secondary CDO market was stable, knowing that these statements were false. In August 2010, Goldman submitted a motion asking that the case be thrown out entirely due to jurisdiction because The Basis Fund executives are based in Australia. That motion was denied and the case is still working itself through the US Federal Court System.

In Thursday’s statement the Basis Fund legal team says that having asked Goldman executives questions regarding the Timberwolf security “they were met with carefully constructed lies and non-disclosures.” Eric Lewis, lead counsel for the fund says “Goldman created Timberwolf to fail, so Goldman could bet against it, and Goldman then sold the security to Basis as stable and well priced, when its own internal analysis showed that Timberwolf’s value was sinking like a stone. It is time for Goldman to be held accountable.”

I last mocked the fund and its crybaby principals on 2010-5-18. In essence, these superstars of analytical prowess bought the issue with clients’ money because Goldman said it was good. They should lose their licenses, if they still have them.

David Papell, Professor of Economics at the University of Houston, writes an interesting guest-post on Econbrowser, titled The Taylor Rule and QE2:

What are the implications of our research for current policy? With Taylor’s original rule, the prescribed federal funds rate for 2009 – 2010 is zero or slightly negative. With a variant of the Taylor rule that doubles the size of the output gap coefficient, it is about negative four percent. This is important because, with the constraint of a zero lower bound on the federal funds rate, large negative prescribed interest rates provide a rationale for the Fed’s quantitative easing in 2009 (QE1) and 2010-2011 (QE2). Our paper does not say whether or not QE1 and QE2 were good policies, a topic that is beyond the scope of our research. It does say that, if you are going to use negative prescribed interest rates to justify quantitative easing, you need to use a rule that can be justified by historical experience. Taylor’s original rule, which can be justified by historical experience, does not produce negative prescribed interest rates for 2009-2011. Variants of Taylor rules with larger output gap coefficients, which do produce negative interest rates, cannot be justified by historical experience. The Taylor rule does not provide a rationale for quantitative easing.

Strange things are happening with the TMX-LSE deal:

Traders who profit from mergers and acquisitions are betting for the first time a higher offer will trump the London Stock Exchange Group Plc (LSE)’s deal for Toronto- based TMX Group Inc. (X), leaving both bidders as losers.

A group of Canadian banks is in talks with the nation’s pension funds on alternatives to LSE’s $3.1 billion bid to keep the Toronto Stock Exchange under local ownership, the head of the pension plan in Alberta said last week. The discussions caused TMX’s share price to rise above LSE’s all-stock offer on May 6 for the first time since it was announced in February, as arbitragers bet a competing bid will emerge once LSE gains regulatory approval, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.

S&P has downgraded Greece:

• Under our sovereign ratings criteria, a commercial debt rescheduling typically constitutes a default.
• In our view, there is increased risk that Greece will take steps to restructure the terms of its commercial debt, including its previously-issued government bonds.
• Accordingly, we are lowering both the long- and short-term ratings on Greece to ‘B’ and ‘C’, respectively.
• We are leaving both ratings on CreditWatch

Greek bonds reacted:

The premium investors demand to hold Greek 10-year securities instead of benchmark German bunds rose 27 basis points to 1,261 basis points. The cost of insuring Greek debt for five years rose 30 basis points to a record 1,371 basis points, according to CMA prices for credit-default swaps. The Portuguese 10-year yield increased 12 basis points to 9.67 percent, while the equivalent-maturity Spanish yield advanced 8 basis points to 5.32 percent.

European leaders had an unscheduled meeting over the weekend, with Luxembourg Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker saying Greece “does need a further adjustment program.” Another credit-rating cut would make Greece the lowest-rated country in Europe as today’s reduction, the fourth by S&P since April 2010, left it even with Belarus.

And it was a good day of across the board strength in the Canadian preferred share market, with PerpetualDiscounts up 16bp, FixedResets gaining 14bp and DeemedRetractibles winning 19bp. Not a lot of volatility, with only three entries in the Performance Highlights table. Volume was average.

Remember the good old days of 2008-09? When every Friday night we could make a batch of popcorn and watch the parade of bankrupts? This weekend might have some interesting European news:

European finance officials are meeting in Luxembourg for an unscheduled session that may address proposals for restructuring Greek debt, said two European officials familiar with the situation.

A German official said the discussions would include a German paper on options for confronting Greece’s growing debt load, which has spurred speculation by investors that a restructuring was likely.

Earlier, Spiegel magazine reported that ministers are convening an emergency meeting after Greece threatened to withdraw from the euro region. Greece rejected the report, according to a finance ministry statement. German Chancellor Angela Merkel’s chief spokesman “categorically” denied that any discussions on a Greek exit were under way. He declined to comment when asked whether officials were meeting tonight.

Looks like the Bloc Quebecois can envy Scotland:

First Minister Alex Salmond’s pro- independence party won an unprecedented majority in elections to the Scottish Parliament, handing him a second term and a mandate to push for greater autonomy for Scotland.

British Prime Minister David Cameron vowed to defend the U.K. from potential breakup even as he congratulated Salmond on an “emphatic win” in yesterday’s vote. Salmond’s Scottish National Party crossed the 65-seat threshold for the first overall majority since the 129-member parliament in Edinburgh was established in 1999.

It was a strong day for the Canadian preferred share market, with PerpetualDiscounts roaring ahead by 29bp, FixedResets gaining 5bp and DeemedRetractibles picking up 10bp. There were only three entries in the Performance Highlights table – one from each of the main classes, oddly enough – but all were positive. Volume was low.

Surprise! Increased regulation lead to migration to non-regulated channels:

For Goldman Sachs Group Inc. (GS) and Morgan Stanley, two of Wall Street’s biggest commodities-trading firms, the year’s largest initial public offering represents a nightmare come true: the rise of unregulated rivals.

Glencore International AG’s IPO probably will catapult the Baar, Switzerland-based commodities firm from relative obscurity onto London’s FTSE 100 list of most valuable stocks this month. Chief Executive Officer Ivan Glasenberg, 54, a former coal trader, owns a 16 percent stake in Glencore worth $9.6 billion if the sale assigns the firm a mid-range value of $61 billion.
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Glencore, like rivals such as Hong Kong-based Noble Group Ltd. (NOBL) and Amsterdam-based Trafigura Beheer BV, can take bigger trading risks in the commodities markets, helping to make them more profitable and more appealing as employers for top traders.

“Prop trading remains as a potent incentive to join Glencore, Noble, Trafigura and any of the major trading firms not restricted by banking rules,” said George H. Stein, managing director of Commodity Talent LLC, a recruitment firm in New York.

Glencore’s average 2010 value-at-risk, a measure of how much the firm’s traders could lose in a single day, jumped to $43 million from $27 million in 2009, according to the firm’s annual report. Goldman Sachs’s commodity price value-at-risk dropped to $33 million in 2010 from $36 million in 2009, company data show.

I don’t think that’s the end of the story, however. I suspect that the regulators will find a way to go after Glencore if there’s the slightest possibility of villainizing them. The end-game, I suspect, is a system with a multitude of small shops, each having $0.5-1.0-billion under management. This won’t do anything for financial stability because, by and large, all these guys will be making the same bets; but it will make everybody feel better that Something Was Done, and that’s what counts, isn’t it?

On cue, Bernanke delivered a warning:

Federal Reserve Chairman Ben S. Bernanke said the government must avoid imposing burdensome rules on financial companies as it carries out the biggest regulatory overhaul in seven decades.

“No one’s interests are served by the imposition of ineffective or burdensome rules that lead to excessive increases in costs or unnecessary restrictions in the supply of credit,” Bernanke said today in a speech in Chicago. “Regulators must aim to avoid stifling reasonable risk-taking and innovation in financial markets, as these factors play an important role in fostering broader productivity gains, economic growth, and job creation.”

But the immediate issues du jour are not directly related to Glencore et al:

U.S. banks have mounted a campaign against one Fed regulation under Dodd-Frank to cap “swipe” fees on debit cards. Bernanke said in March that the Fed would miss an April deadline for the rule, telling lawmakers the issues raised in more than 11,000 comment letters are “complex and difficult.”

Last week, the Treasury Department proposed exempting foreign-exchange swaps and forwards from most of the derivatives rules required under the Dodd-Frank Act, saying the market already meets many of the law’s objectives.

A coalition of 20 firms, including Deutsche Bank AG, Bank of New York Mellon Corp. and UBS AG, asked Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner to grant an exemption in a November letter.

The TMX / LSE deal is getting more interesting:

:Banks opposed to the planned combination of TMX Group Inc. (X-T39.53-0.01-0.03%) and London Stock Exchange Group PLC are looking for ways to thwart the deal, and are seeking the backing of Canada’s biggest pension funds.

Talks among large Canadian financial institutions searching for an alternative to the merger of the Toronto and London stock market operators have been going on for weeks. Options under consideration include a potential counterbid for TMX, which is valued at almost $3-billion.

Call me paranoid, but I’m convinced there’s more to this than meets the eye. It may have something to do with power … with the present situation, the banks can quite reasonably expect the TMX to kowtow to them on demand, since all employees, from the CEO on down, have to worry about their future career prospects. This will not be the case if the TMX is part of a pugnacious international group. But who knows?

And anyway, commodities aren’t fashionable this week:

Commodities plunged the most since 2008, stocks worldwide posted the biggest three-day drop since March and the dollar rallied after American jobless claims unexpectedly rose and the European Central Bank signaled it will wait until after June to raise interest rates.

The Standard & Poor’s GSCI index of 24 commodities sank 7.3 percent at 3:19 p.m. in New York and has lost 11 percent this week. Silver tumbled 11 percent, extending its decline since April 29 to 28 percent. Oil sank 9.7 percent, falling below $100 a barrel for the first time since March 17. The MSCI All-Country World Index of shares in 45 nations fell 1.4 percent. The dollar gained 2.2 percent against the euro, making commodities quoted in the greenback more expensive for holders of other currencies.

Desjardins is raining all over the Maple parade:

There’s chatter in the bond world that the maple market is coming back, driven by increased issuance over the past four weeks.

However, at this point, the perceived strength is all hype. The numbers prove otherwise.

In 2011 maple issuers — which are foreign entities that raise debt issued in Canadian dollars — have financed $2.2-billion here in Canada. That’s just a fraction of the $17-billion raised in 2007 when the maple market was hot.

“Not only does this clearly put things into perspective, but also shows how far we are from a true ‘renaissance’ of the maple bond market,” Jean-François Godin of Desjardins Securities notes.

It was a restful day in the Canadian preferred share market, with PerpetualDiscounts losing 5bp, FixedResets down 3bp and DeemedRetractibles gaining 4bp. Volatility remained low, and volume was light.

The Bank of Canada has released a discussion paper by Gordon Wilkinson titled The Behaviour of Consumer Prices Across Provinces:

Measures of core inflation enable a central bank to distinguish price movements that are transitory and generated by non-monetary events from those that are more permanent and related to prior monetary policy decisions. The author uses standard statistical measures to assess the behaviour of consumer prices across provinces and identify price components with more divergent price patterns. The results indicate that energy, shelter and tobacco prices are the most volatile across provinces. Very large price movements restricted to one or a few provinces suggest that the forces or events triggering those movements may be province specific and unrelated to national demand pressures. Such results suggest that constructing a type of core inflation measure called the “trimmed mean” that excludes components with exceptionally large price changes at the provincial level may offer an alternative means of assessing underlying inflationary pressures.

Speaking of inflation, Statscan is changing the shopping basket:

For inflation’s scorekeepers, it’s out with film developing and in with tablet computers and smartphones.

Statistics Canada is revamping its approach to measuring the price of goods to reflect new realities about today’s consumer experience: Spending habits are changing more rapidly, and the lifespan of products is growing ever shorter.

This month, for the first time in four years, the federal agency is updating the basket of goods and services that measures price changes, adding new items like tablet computers, smart phones and dried lentils, and de-emphasizing older ones, such as photography services.

And starting next year, the agency plans to revise the basket every three years or less because consumption patterns are changing more quickly. Statscan has typically updated the basket every four or five years. Similar agencies in other countries, such as Britain or Sweden, update their measures every year or two.

The FRBB has released a Public Policy Discussion Paper by Geoffrey M.B. Tootell titled Do Commodity Price Spikes Cause Long-Term Inflation?:

This public policy brief examines the relationship between trend inflation and commodity price increases and finds that evidence from recent decades supports the notion that commodity price changes do not affect the long-run inflation rate. Evidence from earlier decades suggests that effects on inflation expectations and wages played a key role in whether commodity price movements altered trend inflation. This brief is based on a memo to the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston as background to a meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee.

There’s a new Maple issuer:

The ranks of so-called Maple issues by non-financial borrowers has expanded by one with news Tuesday that Korea Gas Corporation priced and raised a $300-million, five-year offering.

KOGAS set up in 1983, is a public company which has grown to become the world’s largest LNG import company, originally planned to raise $250-million but raised more because of strong institutional demand. The A+ rated notes came with a coupon of 4.58% and a yield of 4.585% – for a spread of 203 basis points or two points tighter than what was presented in the marketing period.

The deal is the first by Kogas in Canada. Indeed the financing is the first Maple by either an Asian or South Korean borrower.
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The market, both in its heyday and since its return to life a year back, is dominated by financial institutions. But investors soon get their fill of such issues and clamor for borrowings by industrial companies. Kogas has met those wishes and becomes the third non-financial issuer in the past eight months. Earlier, Molson Coors Brewing Co. ($500-million) and Anheuser-Busch InBev Worldwide Inc. ($600-million) raised capital in this market.
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So fat this year $2.25-billion has been raised via the sale of Maple bonds, For the same period last year $1.8-billion. For all of 2010 $4.5-billion was raised. “I expect that demand will stay strong and issuance for the year will exceed last years,” added [John] Tkach [of Scotia Capital].

This issue is being sold on the exempt market, so you can’t buy it, suckers. The regulators have determined that you’re not smart enough.

OSFI’s Julie Dickson has delivered a 2011 Financial Services Invitational Forum, April 27, 2011. There was nothing very new or interesting in the content, but I was pleased to see that at least some attempt was made to support some of the assertions. One reference was to a letter to the Financail Times from Prof. Anat Admati of Stanford and others:

Banks’ high leverage and the resulting fragility and systemic risk contributed to the near collapse of the financial system. Basel III is far from sufficient to protect the system from recurring crises. If a much larger fraction, at least 15 per cent, of banks’ total, non-risk-weighted, assets were funded by equity, the social benefits would be substantial. And the social costs would be minimal, if any.
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Debt that converts to equity, so-called “contingent capital”, is complex to design and tricky to implement. Increasing equity requirements is simpler and more effective.

Another reference was to a Bank of England discussion paper by David Miles, Jing Yang and Gilberto Marcheggiano titled Optimal Bank Capital:

This paper reports estimates of the long-run costs and benefits of banks funding more of their assets with loss-absorbing capital, or equity. Measuring those costs requires careful consideration of a wide range of issues about how shifts in funding affect required rates of return and on how costs are influenced by the tax system; it also requires a clear distinction to be drawn between costs to individual institutions (private costs) and overall economic (or social) costs. Without a calculation of the benefits from having banks use more equity no estimate of costs — however accurate — can tell us what the optimal level of bank capital is. We use empirical evidence on UK banks to assess costs; we use data from shocks to incomes from a wide range of countries over a long period to assess risks to banks and how equity funding (or capital) protects against those risks. We find that the amount of equity capital that is likely to be desirable for banks to use is very much larger than banks have used in recent years and also higher than targets agreed under the Basel III framework.

The US housing market is still sick:

U.S. lenders should consider debt-for- equity swaps to help homeowners who face default or owe more than their properties are worth, mortgage pioneer Lewis Ranieri said.

“If his house was $220,000, and now it’s $90,000, give me the keys, I give you a lease for seven years,” Ranieri, chairman of investment company Ranieri Partners LLC, said during a panel discussion at the Milken Institute Global Conference in Beverly Hills, California. “If you behave well, I will give you back the house.”

As many as 11 million troubled mortgages are weighing on the U.S. housing market, said Ranieri, who helped Salomon Brothers become Wall Street’s most profitable firm in the 1980s by packaging home loans into securities. Distressed sales made up 40 percent of transactions in March, the National Association of Realtors said April 20. Home prices fell 3.3 percent in February from a year earlier, according to the S&P/Case-Shiller measure of 20 cities.

I don’t understand how Ranieri’s idea can be described as a debt for equity swap (if you have to give it back, you don’t own it, do you?) but doubtless there’s some explanation.

Of much more interest than all this ephemeral financial stuff is the results of the NASA relativity test:

Gravity Probe B, built by Lockheed Martin Corp. (LMT) and designed by scientists from Stanford University near Palo Alto, California, measured how space and time are warped by gravitational bodies, a phenomenon called the geodetic effect. The probe launched in 2004 also analyzed frame-dragging, the way spinning objects pull space and time around them.

The effects were demonstrated by having Gravity Probe B point at a star, IM Pegasi, while orbiting Earth. If gravity didn’t affect space and time, the gyroscopes aboard the probe would point in the same direction forever during their orbit, as Isaac Newton had theorized. Instead, they showed tiny, measurable changes in the direction of their spin as Earth’s gravity tugged at them, as Einstein had predicted.
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The project was one of the longest-running efforts in the U.S. space agency’s history, beginning in 1963, and cost about $750 million, NASA spokesman Trent Perrotto said today in a telephone interview. The findings were the culmination of 49 years of work by [Stanford physicist Francis] Everitt, who came to Stanford in 1962 to help build the most precise gyroscope ever designed and produced, according to NASA.

Forty-nine years! I think we can allow Dr. Everitt a day off now, right? Then he can work on the Higgs boson.

It was a strong day in the Canadian preferred share market, with PerpetualDiscounts roaring ahead 42bp, FixedResets winnning 15bp and DeemedRetractibles gaining 14bp. The Performance Highlights table, while hardly lengthy, was comprised entirely of gainers. Volume was good.