PrefBlog

I’m speechless:

Stock traders are more egocentric and prone to lying than psychopaths, according to new research submitted to the Journal of Economic Psychology.

But psychopaths are better at getting what they want.

“Traders go out of their way to destroy the competition, even if they don’t get any economic benefit as a result,” says Thomas Noll, who conducted the research as part of his executive MBA at the University of St. Gallen in Switzerland.
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Faced with a hypothetical choice between co-operating for everyone’s benefit and getting a predictable reward or cheating and possibly getting more for themselves, traders were more likely than psychopaths to cheat, said Noll.

As a result, psychopaths, who broke the rules occasionally, won the most, ordinary people, who almost always played by the rules and who co-operated, came in second, while traders, who didn’t care how their actions affected anyone else, cheated the most and won the least.

The story’s all over the ‘Net. I believe the source article, in German, is this one. The last paragraph of the Star article quoted above makes it sound like the game chosen was some version of Prisoners’ Dilemma. If that’s the case, and assuming that the game was set up like most others of that ilk, it seems unfair to refer to what is normally called “betrayal” as cheating – it’s a strategy, with some word or other attached to it, that’s all. Additionally, and again assuming that it’s a relatively normal PD-type game, one could just as easily call the betrayal/cheating choice one of risk minimization, in which case we’re no longer surprised that traders made the least amount of money, are we?

Another one bites the dust!

New Zealand lost its AAA grades on local-currency debt at Fitch Ratings and Standard & Poor’s, which both cited concerns about the nation’s fiscal burden. Benchmark government yields rose the most this year.

The outlook is stable after the long-term local-currency rating was reduced one level to AA+ and the foreign-currency rating was cut to AA from AA+, S&P said in a statement, matching actions announced yesterday by Fitch.
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New Zealand’s net external debt of 83 percent of gross domestic product in U.S. dollar terms at the end of last year compares with the median of 10 percent for AA-rated nations, Fitch said. The current-account deficit, the widest measure of trade because it includes services and investment income, is likely to widen to 4.9 percent of GDP in 2012 and to 5.5 percent the following year, Fitch said.

“New Zealand’s high level of net external debt is an outlier among rated peers — a key vulnerability that is likely to persist as the current account deficit is projected to widen again,” Andrew Colquhoun, head of Asia-Pacific sovereigns at Fitch, said in the statement. Even so, the country “remains well-placed among the world’s highly-rated sovereign credits.”

The Canadian preferred share market was down today, with PerpetualDiscounts losing 21bp, FixedResets off 8bp andDeemedRetractibles down 1bp. Volatility was good. Volume was very low.

Three cheers, everybody! We’re saved! Spain and Italy have saved the world!

Italian and Spanish financial market regulators extended temporary bans on short selling of financial shares that were introduced last month in a bid to stem market volatility.

The European Securities and Markets Authority announced the extension by the two countries in an e-mailed statement. The Spanish ban will remain “until the market conditions allow it” to be lifted, the country’s financial regulator said in an e- mailed statement. Italy’s restriction, and another enacted by France in August, will both last until Nov. 11.

Amazingly, Europe is still in disarray:

The European Commission is resisting a push to impose bigger writedowns on banks’ holdings of Greek government debt than those agreed on at a July 21 summit, a European official said.

The commission, the European Union’s executive body, opposes ideas being floated by some government officials to get banks to accept bigger so-called haircuts and doesn’t want to have talks about any such attempt, the official said on condition of anonymity because the deliberations are private. Germany and the Netherlands are leading a drive by as many as seven euro-area countries for more private-sector involvement in the second Greek package, the Financial Times reported today.

Follow the leader, part 1:

Research In Motion Ltd. (RIMM), the maker of the BlackBerry smartphone struggling to revive falling sales, surged as much as 7.4 percent on speculation that activist investor Carl Icahn is buying a stake in the company.

Follow the leader, part 2:

Warren Buffett’s determination that Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (BRK/A) shares are cheap enough to buy back may mean the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index is also a bargain.

Some Wisconsin school districts bought an investment that went down – even after they leveraged their investment by nearly 6x! Fear not, gentle readers, the SEC is Putting Things Right:

According to the SEC’s order instituting administrative proceedings, RBC Capital marketed and sold to trusts created by the school districts $200 million of credit-linked notes that were tied to the performance of synthetic collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). The school districts contributed $37.3 million of district funds to the investments with the remainder of the investment coming from funds borrowed by the trusts. The sales took place despite significant concerns within RBC Capital about the suitability of the product for municipalities like the school districts. Additionally, RBC Capital’s marketing materials failed to adequately explain the risks associated with the investments.

RBC Capital agreed to settle the SEC’s charges by paying a total of $30.4 million that will be distributed in varying amounts to the school districts through a Fair Fund.

The SEC also wants to ensure that nasty old volatility isn’t too volatile:

The Securities and Exchange Commission began an overhaul of rules adopted after the Crash of 1987 designed to shut down the stock market during periods of volatility, proposing that curbs be triggered when the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index falls 7 percent.

The changes would switch the index used for the circuit breakers to the S&P 500 from the Dow Jones Industrial Average, according to proposals submitted by U.S. equities exchanges and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. The duration of the halts, which also pause trading in stock futures, would be shortened, according to a summary of the proposals from the SEC.

S&P 500 declines of 7 percent, 13 percent and 20 percent from the prior day’s close would set off halts across all markets, narrowing the current thresholds of 10 percent, 20 percent and 30 percent, according to the SEC.

Regulators are sticking to their guns on capital surcharges:

Global regulators may make adjustments to how they calculate capital surcharges for the world’s biggest banks after largely agreeing to maintain plans for levies of as much as 2.5 percent at meetings today in Basel, Switzerland, according to three people familiar with the talks.

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision today discussed how to respond to criticisms from banks including BNP Paribas SA and Citigroup Inc. (C) that the measures are flawed and may stymie the financial system’s recovery, according to the people, who couldn’t be identified because the discussions are private.

Regulators at the meeting acknowledged that some complaints made by lenders on the method for calculating the surcharges may be partly valid and require further study, two of the people said. Surcharges would be applied to as many as 28 banks if the current proposals were already in place, the Basel committee has said.
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Under the surcharge proposals, lenders whose failure could send shock waves throughout the financial system would face stricter minimum capital requirements of 1 to 2.5 percentage points of core reserves. This would be on top of an already- announced tripling in the amount of core capital that all internationally active banks must hold.

The levies would be calculated using a methodology based on banks’ size, interconnectedness, complexity, global reach, and the ability of other firms to take over their activities if they fail.

Readers will remember that I favour capital surcharges, but not one that is directed solely at a defined list of Globally Significant Financial Institutions. Apply it to all banks on a progressive basis is my position.

Greece managed to avert immediate disaster:

Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou won parliamentary backing for a property tax to meet deficit-reduction targets required to avoid default.

Papandreou’s Socialist Pasok party won the vote in Athens late today by 155 to 142 after Finance Minister Evangelos Venizelos told Greeks they face economic collapse if they don’t plug a budget gap that is exceeding the target set in a bailout, putting an 8 billion-euro ($11 billion) aid payment due next month at risk.
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The property levy, to be collected via electricity bills, will provide an annual yield of 1.1 percent of GDP.

Venizelos also announced an additional 20 percent wage cut, on top of 15 percent for the civil service and 25 percent in the wider public sector. Pensions are being reduced 4 percent on average, in addition to previous cuts of 10 percent. A lowering of the tax-free threshold to 5,000 euros will mean higher taxes for all Greeks.

More than 74 percent of 1,002 Greeks polled by Rass for To Paron newspaper opposed the property tax. The poll also showed that 59 percent believed Papandreou’s government won’t be able to avert a default. The survey had a 3.1 percentage point margin of error. Papandreou’s government trails the opposition party in all polls.

As far as I can tell, the official position right now is that Greece won’t default as long as investors take sufficient completely voluntary write-downs:

Financial stocks pared gains as the Financial Times reported that some euro-area countries are demanding private creditors take bigger writedowns on their Greek bond holdings.
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The Financial Times reported that as many as seven of the 17 nations using the euro believe private creditors should absorb bigger losses on their Greek bond holdings, a division that may threaten an agreement reached with private investors in July. The paper cited unnamed senior European officials.

Richard Fisher of the Dallas Fed gave a speech explaining his dissent on Operation Twist:

In the interest of time, I will not dwell on the decision to reinvest proceeds in the agency and mortgage-backed markets. Since the beginning of this year, the spreads between mortgage-backs and Treasuries have been widening and have accelerated, especially lately, to levels last seen in early 2009. This decision, while not expected by the markets, was acceptable for me as a tactical way to provide limited assistance to the mortgage market at little cost. The decision to embark on an “Operation Twist,” however, was a strategic decision where I did not feel the benefits outweighed what I perceived to be the costs. So, I will dwell on that difficult decision.
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The FOMC seeks to drive down the cost of capital for businesses in order to induce them to invest more in expansion and create more jobs. Implicitly, the program may also lift short-term rates, albeit mildly given the expectation that rates at the short end will remain at “exceptionally low levels” through mid-2013, perhaps providing some relief to money market funds that, in searching for yields sufficient to cover their costs, have been invested in foreign bank paper now considered by many analysts to be somewhat toxic.
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The Dallas Fed tracks 178 items in the consumer basket through a constantly updated series dating back to 1977. Using this data, we calculate what we call a “trimmed mean” analysis of personal consumption expenditures (PCE) in order to ascertain the level of inflation affecting real consumers. This is my preferred compass for charting the direction of inflation. It presently suggests that headline inflation will decline from its current level—just shy of 3 percent as measured by the PCE and 3.75 percent as measured by the Consumer Price Index—to 2 percent, a level that the majority of the committee believes a tolerable target. Thus, while I remain on constant watch for signs of inflationary impulses, I believe the most urgent issue is job creation and the reduction of the scourge of unemployment.

I believe, however, that there is significant risk that the policies recently undertaken by the FOMC are likely to prove ineffective and might well be working against job creation.
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Before every FOMC meeting, I survey a select group of 30 or so private business and banking operators, imparting no information about monetary policy but listening carefully to their perspectives on developments in the economy as seen at the ground level. For weeks leading up to the meeting, there was speculation in the financial markets and in the press that an Operation Twist was being contemplated. I received an earful of opinions on these rumors. What I gleaned from those conversations was as follows:

Embarking on an Operation Twist would provide an even greater incentive for the average citizen with savings to further hoard those savings for fear that the FOMC would be signaling the economy is in worse shape than they thought. They might view an Operation Twist as setting the stage for a new round of monetary accommodation―a QE3, if you will. Such a program was considered redundant by business operators given their surplus of undeployed cash holdings and bankers’ already plentiful excess reserves. In addition, such a program might frighten consumers by further driving down the yields they earn on their savings and/or lead to long-term inflation that would erode the value of those savings;

The earning power of banks, both large and small, would come under additional pressure by suppressing the spread between what they can earn by lending at longer-term tenors and what they pay on the shorter-term deposits they take in;
Pension funds would have to reassess their potential returns, with the consequence that public and private direct-benefit plans would have to set aside greater reserves that might otherwise have gone to investments stimulating job creation;
Expanding the holdings of the Fed’s book of longer-term debt would likely compound the complexity of future policy decisions. Perversely, the stronger the economy, the greater the losses the Fed would incur as interest rates rise in response and the prices of those longer-term holdings depreciate. The political incentive to hold rates down might then become stronger precisely when we want to initiate tighter monetary policy. This concern, of course, would be a good news/bad news issue: The good news is that it would stem from a stronger economy; the bad is that might hurt our maneuverability and, in doing so, might undermine confidence in the Fed to conduct policy independently.

One other factor gave me pause and that was, and remains, the moral hazard of being too accommodative. For years, I have been arguing that monetary policy cannot solve the problem of substandard economic performance unless it is complemented by fiscal policy and regulatory reform that encourages the private sector to put to work the affordable and abundant liquidity we are able to create as the nation’s monetary authority.

I’ve decided that Fisher is my favourite FOMC member:

Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas President Richard Fisher said the central bank’s independence is under attack from both ends of the political spectrum in Congress, and he singled out two of the critics by name.

“We are being attacked from the right and from the left, and I don’t see much difference between a certain congressman from Texas named Ron Paul and a certain congressman from Massachusetts named Barney Frank,” Fisher said in response to audience questions after a speech in Dallas. Paul is a Republican and Frank is a Democrat.
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“I don’t see any difference between them,” Fisher said, referring to Frank and Paul. “They believe we have too much independence. They believe that Congress should be in charge of monetary policy.”

There has been an odd credit rating action on BMO covered bonds:

• We have affirmed at ‘AAA’ our ratings on Bank of Montreal Global Public Sector Covered Bond Programme and all series issued under it.
• The outlook for all of the covered bonds issued under the program is stable.
• We have subsequently withdrawn our ratings on Bank of Montreal’s covered bond program and all the series issued under it, at the issuer’s request.

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Today’s rating actions follow a review of the most current asset and cash flow information the issuer has provided to us. The data we analyzed were as of July 31, 2011. As of that date, the cover pool comprised approximately C$7.263 billion of mortgage assets. There are currently three series of covered bonds outstanding in an equivalent amount of approximately C$5.066 billion.
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As a result of this analysis, we have determined the maximum potential rating uplift for BMO’s covered bond program to be six notches above BMO’s long-term issuer credit rating of ‘A+’. This is based on a program categorization of “2” and an ALMM classification of “low”.

This seems very odd; but I can’t find any discussion of this move anywhere.

Happy news for 53-year-olds:

In a cross section of prime borrowers, middle-aged adults made fewer financial mistakes than either younger or older adults. We conclude that financial mistakes follow a U-shaped pattern, with the cost-minimizing performance occurring around age 53.

It was a mixed day for the Canadian preferred share market, with PerpetualDiscounts winning 9bp, FixedResets down 4bp and DeemedRetractibles up 8bp. These figures might lead one to expect volatility to be low, but one might be wrong! Volume was low, but RBC scored a shut-out for the blocks reported.

Julie Dickson gave a speech to the Economic Club of Canada titled The Lasting Impact of the Crisis on the Global Financial System but said nothing new.

One of the lessons of the Flash Crash was that dealer capital, which would make markets with a time horizon of a week, was being replaced with much more evanescent High Frequency Trading capital, which has an intra-day time horizon. This was strongly deprecated at the time. We may therefore look on with admiration at the latest proposals to implement the Volcker Rule:

U.S. banks would have to change the way they compensate traders involved in market-making activities under one of the proposed restrictions of the so-called Volcker rule, according to a draft circulating among regulators.

The rule, which aims to ban most proprietary trading by banks with federally insured deposits, would exempt trades related to market-making as long as the activity met at least seven standards, or principles. One principle would be that traders get paid from fees and the spread of the transactions rather than the appreciation or profit from their positions, according to a copy of the draft reviewed by Bloomberg News.
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A forced change to pay structure “could have the effect of driving people out of the regulated industry to the unregulated industry,” said Douglas Landy, a partner at Allen & Overy LLP who once worked at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

The regulators could, if they so desired, seek to re-sharpen the lines between investing and trading by imposing surcharges on aged positions in the trading book. But that wouldn’t sound so tough.

It might be the right thing to do, to move longer-term market-making out of the banks and into the hedge funds. I don’t know. My problem is that I don’t think anybody else knows, either. Or cares. Except maybe Dealbreaker.

TransAlta Corporation, proud issuer of TA.PR.D, was confirmed at Pfd-3 by DBRS:

DBRS has today confirmed the ratings of TransAlta Corporation’s (TAC or the Company) Unsecured Debt/Medium-Term Notes and Preferred Shares at BBB and Pfd-3, respectively, both with Stable trends. The confirmation reflects the Company’s strong cash flow generated by its generation facilities, which are subject to legislatively mandated Alberta power purchase agreements (APPAs), longer-term power contracts on its non-regulated facilities and its diversified generation portfolio.

TAC’s credit profile and ratings are supported by its highly contracted diversified portfolio of assets. TAC currently has approximately 70% of its capacity contracted over the next seven years, with over 95% contracted for 2011 and up to 90% for 2012, in line with its stated objective of having at least 75% of its capacity under medium- and long-term contracts with creditworthy counterparties, thus reducing the Company’s cash flow volatility. DBRS remains comfortable with this strategy as it allows TAC to participate in any upside potential to improving market conditions.
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As the Company starts to generate more cash flow from new assets placed in service in 2011 and 2012, DBRS expects that on a normal course basis, the Company’s adjusted net debt-to-capital should remain below 50% and cash flow-to-debt will remain in the 25% range, levels that DBRS considers adequate for the rating, given the largely contracted fleet. The Company had $2.0 billion in committed credit facilities as of June 30, 2011, of which $0.8 billion was available.

At this time, DBRS remains comfortable with the Company’s disciplined growth strategy, financial flexibility and adequate liquidity. It is expected that TAC will maintain a low-to-moderate risk profile, underpinned by a more diversified and contracted portfolio of assets. DBRS expects the Company to continue to finance growth in line with its credit metrics.

Gold did not do well:

Gold fell, capping the biggest three-session slump since 1983, and silver closed below $30 an ounce on investor sales to cover losses in other assets.
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Gold futures for December delivery fell $45, or 2.7 percent, to settle at $1,594.80 an ounce at 1:36 p.m. on the Comex in New York, extending the three-session slide to 12 percent, the most since March 1983. Earlier, the price plunged as much as $104.80 to $1,535, the lowest for a most-active contract since July 8. The all-time high earlier this month was $1,923.70.

In October 2008, gold tumbled 18 percent as the most-severe slump since the Great Depression spurred losses in global equity and commodity markets. The metal jumped 23 percent in the next two months.

Silver futures for December delivery fell 12.5 cents, or 0.4 percent, to $29.976. Earlier, the price touched $26.15, the lowest since Nov. 18. In electronic trading after the settlement, the metal topped $30. On April 25, the price reached a 31-year high of $49.845 on April 25.

On Sept. 23, CME Group Inc., the owner of the Comex, trading margins on gold futures by 21 percent and boosted the minimum cash deposit for silver by 16 percent, effective today.

The Canadian preferred share market put in a good day’s work, with PerpetualDiscounts up 10bp, FixedResets gaining 8bp and DeemedRetractibles winning 14bp. Volatility was quite good, but volume was light.

Sorry about the lateness, folks, but the Shaw Festival was calling my name this weekend.

It was a rotten day for the Canadian preferred share market, with PerpetualDiscounts down 17bp, FixedResets off 16bp and DeemedRetractibles losing 36bp. Volatility reflected the market move; volume was average.