PrefBlog

Recent musings on an Ontario tax hike should focus attention on Japan’s woes:

Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is discovering that haste makes waste.

Trying to double his nation’s sales tax to 10 percent over an 18-month period has resulted in the fourth recession since 2008 and the need to postpone the increase’s second part planned for next October. With an election now pending, the levy may be on hold at 8 percent until 2017.

The lesson is that the increases proved too much, too soon, and baby steps may have been more prudent, with the initial 3 percentage-point boost equivalent to 60 percent of the original level. In contrast, the U.K.’s 2011 increase of 2.5 percentage points amounted to a much smaller 14 percent boost and didn’t generate a recession.

Coming up next …Greenspan’s Conundrum Redux!

When then-Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspan raised the benchmark overnight rate from 2004 to 2006, long-term borrowing costs failed to increase, thwarting his attempts to tighten credit and curb excesses that contributed to the worst financial crisis in 80 years.

“We wanted to control the federal funds rate, but ran into trouble because long-term rates did not, as they always had previously, respond to the rise in short-term rates,” Greenspan said in an interview last week. He called this a “conundrum” during congressional testimony in 2005.

The bond market is signaling that past may be prologue as Yellen’s Fed prepares to raise rates next year. The yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury note has fallen 0.71 percentage point in 2014 even as the Fed wound down its bond-buying program and mapped out a strategy to raise the benchmark federal funds rate from near zero, where it has been since 2008.
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The Fed does have one tool that Greenspan didn’t: a $4.49 trillion portfolio accumulated in three rounds of asset purchases. Selling some of those assets might provide a way to lift long-term rates if necessary, said Michael Gapen, senior U.S. economist at Barclays Plc in New York.

The sanctions on Russia are having some effect, even if some of the effects were unforeseen:

A recession is imminent, inflation is getting out of hand and the ruble and oil are in freefall, Economy Minister Alexei Ulyukayev told Putin, according to people who attended the meeting at the presidential mansion near Moscow in mid-October. Clearly, Ulyukayev concluded, sanctions need to be lifted.

At that, Putin recoiled. Do you, Alexei Valentinovich, he asked, using a patronymic, know how to do that? No, Vladimir Vladimirovich, Ulyukayev was said to reply, we were hoping you did. Putin said he didn’t know either and demanded options for surviving a decade of even more onerous sanctions, leaving the group deflated, the people said.

Days later, they presented Putin with two variants. To their surprise, he chose an initiative dubbed “economic liberalization,” aimed at easing the financial burden of corruption on all enterprises in the country, the people said. It was something they had championed for several years without gaining traction.

The policy, which Putin plans to announce during his annual address to parliament next month, calls for a crackdown on inspections and other forms of bureaucratic bullying that cost businesses tens of billions of dollars a year in bribes and kickbacks, the people said. It entails an order from the president to end predatory behavior, with prosecution being the incentive for compliance, they said.

There will be another round of bank bashing:

The biggest Wall Street banks have used their ownership of metal warehouses, oil tankers and other commodities businesses to gain unfair trading advantages and dominate markets, according to a U.S. Senate investigation.

In a 400-page report focused on Goldman Sachs Group Inc., Morgan Stanley (MS) and JPMorgan Chase & Co., a Senate panel said the firms have eroded what was once a strict line separating banking from commodities to the detriment of consumers and the financial system. The activity gives banks access to non-public information that could move markets and increases the likelihood that industrial accidents will spur taxpayer bailouts, the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations found.

“We simply cannot allow a large powerful Wall Street bank the power to influence the price of a commodity essential to our economy,” Senator Carl Levin, who chairs the panel, told reporters in Washington today. He added that his staff “found substantial evidence that these activities expose major banks to catastrophic risks that are poorly understood.”

The controversy over banks’ involvement with commodities has spurred the Federal Reserve to review regulations and prompted some Wall Street firms to try to shed assets. Levin’s new findings include details on clients who entered into controversial aluminum transactions with Goldman Sachs and reveal that an employee questioned whether market-moving information could be passed on to traders.
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In August [2013], a district judge dismissed a suit against the firm and others brought by aluminum consumers, saying that an increase in a price component of aluminum was “an unintended consequence of rational profit maximizing behavior rather than the product of conspiratorial design.”

It was a good day for the Canadian preferred share market, with PerpetualDiscounts gaining 3bp, FixedResets winning 14bp and DeemedRetractibles up 13bp. Volatility was nil. Volume was very low.

PerpetualDiscounts now yield 5.03%, equivalent to 6.54% interest at the standard equivalency factor of 1.3x. Long corporates yield about 4.2%, so the pre-tax interest-equivalent spread (in this context, the “Seniority Spread”) is now about 235bp, unchanged from the November 5 report.

There are some interesting trends in bond markets:

The influence of high-frequency traders in the Treasury market is growing. About 60 percent of Treasury securities trades are expected to be transacted on electronic platforms by the end of next year, an increase from 40 percent in 2013, according to Tabb Group LLC, a New York-based research firm. Of those trades, 10 percent were executed by robots in 2010, a share that will probably grow to 20 percent next year, according to Tabb.
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New rules adopted after the 2008 credit crunch are also part of the new normal. Global guidelines called Basel III, instituted by the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland, require banks to hold more cash in reserve for assets such as bonds they keep on their balance sheets.

Partly in compliance with the regulations, the 22 primary dealers authorized to trade directly with the Fed reduced their U.S. government debt holdings to $46.3 billion at the end of October from a record high $146 billion in October 2013, Fed data show. While they still hold inventory, they’re allocating less to opportunistically buying big clumps of bonds and then slowly selling them, a process known as market-making.
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Hedge funds have filled the vacuum created by the retreat of the big banks. On the morning of Oct. 15, the turmoil in Treasuries echoed in the trading of junk bonds. As $8 billion was being wiped out in that global market, Toronto hedge-fund manager Philip Mesman fielded e-mails from U.S. bankers clamoring for him to buy their customers’ holdings.

Investors were unloading the debt of the riskiest companies, forcing exchange-traded funds and mutual funds to sell. Before Basel III and the Volcker Rule, which limits the ability of U.S. banks to trade on their own accounts, dealers would’ve bought the bonds themselves and held them until finding someone to take them. Instead they were forwarding the “sell” messages to firms they knew had quick access to cash.
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The size of German bund futures that can go through the market at one time without moving the price has fallen 46 percent to 784 contracts as of Oct. 17, from this year’s peak of 1,450 contracts in April, according to JPMorgan. The average over the past four years was 920 contracts.

Yay! More regulation! The 2014 Ontario Economic Outlook and Fiscal Review states:

The government is also undertaking a review of the regulation of financial planning. An expert committee will be appointed to look at more tailored regulation of financial advisers and financial planners.

Only through increased regulation will Granny be able to get financial advice from a reliable and knowledgeable source: her friendly neighborhood bank teller, who will be pleased to sell her an index linked GIC.

There will be no fast-track for Keystone:

The U.S. Senate refused to approve TransCanada Corp. (TRP)’s $8 billion Keystone XL pipeline after years of a political fight over jobs, climate change and energy security.

The vote was 59-41 with 60 required for passage in the Democratic-led Senate. Republicans have said they will try again next year after their party takes control of the chamber. House Speaker John Boehner and Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell say passage of a Keystone measure is a top priority.

President Barack Obama has opposed legislation approving the Keystone project, saying it would bypass a review being conducted by the State Department. He didn’t say whether he would sign or veto the bill if it reached his desk.

It was a good day for the Canadian preferred share market, with PerpetualDiscounts winning 27bp, FixedResets up 14bp and DeemedRetractibles gaining 8bp. Volatility was minimal. Volume was low.

To my astonishment, it looks like there is an adult on the buy-side:

Oeyvind Schanke, head of asset strategies at Norway’s $860 billion sovereign wealth fund, has worked out how to dodge traders in the U.S. trying to profit on his orders by leaving no pattern for them to track.

Investors who want to pre-empt trades by the world’s biggest sovereign-wealth fund and act on that information to make a profit — a practice known as front running — won’t have much success, he said.

“We’ve done a lot to try and avoid leaving those patterns,” Schanke said in a Nov. 14 interview at the Oslo headquarters of the fund. “We’re trading less using algorithmic trading now than we did some years ago and are doing much more trading in large block sizes to avoid pattern-reading.”

Incredible. He had a problem (though why the media insists on calling it “front-running” is beyond me); he sat and thought about it; he tried something new; it’s working. This is probably the most amazing advancement in institutional money management since the invention of the client lunch. CFA Level 27. This guy should get the next three Nobel Prizes in Economics, at least. He’s awesome.

BIS has published a paper by Michael Brei and Leonardo Gambacorta titled The leverage ratio over the cycle:

This paper analyses how the Basel III leverage ratio (Tier 1 capital/exposure) behaves over the cycle. The analysis proposes a setup to test for the cyclical properties of bank capital ratios, taking into account structural shifts in banks’ behaviour during the global financial crisis and its aftermath. Using a large data set covering international banks headquartered in 14 advanced economies for the period 1995-2012, we find that the Basel III leverage ratio is significantly more countercyclical than the risk weighted regulatory capital ratio: it is a tighter constraint for banks in booms and a looser constraint in recessions.

To universal surprise, the G-20 decided to encourage growth:

Group of 20 leaders agreed to take measures that would boost their economies by a collective $2 trillion by 2018 as they battle patchy growth and the threat of a European recession.

Citing risks from financial markets and geopolitical tensions, the leaders said the global economy is being held back by lackluster demand, according to their communique following a two-day summit that ended yesterday in Brisbane. The group submitted almost 1,000 individual policy changes designed to lift growth and said they would hold each other to account to ensure they are implemented.

But what else could they do, given the recession in Japan?

Less than 24 hours after heads of state gathering in Brisbane, Australia, agreed to take measures that would boost their economies by a collective $2 trillion by 2018, the Cabinet Office delivered news in Tokyo that Japan’s gross domestic product unexpectedly shrank an annualized 1.6 percent in the three months through September, the second straight contraction.

Disappointment is becoming routine for the global economy, with the International Monetary Fund last month cutting its 2014 world-growth outlook for the sixth time since January 2013. Weaker expansion stands to add pressure on policy makers including European Central Bank President Mario Draghi who are already pushing the limits of monetary stimulus and governments that are reluctant to increase spending.

Will Canadian interest rates rise in the short term (which is to say, five years)? I think so; they’re ridiculously low right now, have been for five years and are distorting the housing market. But not by much. The strength isn’t there.

Deutsche Bank AG is getting out of the kitchen:

Deutsche Bank AG will stop trading most credit-default swaps tied to individual companies, exiting a business that new banking regulations have made costlier, according to a spokeswoman.

The lender will instead focus on transactions in corporate bonds, while maintaining trading in the more active market for credit swaps tied to benchmark indexes, Michele Allison, a spokeswoman for the Frankfurt-based bank, said today. The firm also will continue trading swaps tied to emerging-market borrowers and distressed companies, she said.
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Deutsche Bank is exiting a part of the market that shrank to less than $11 trillion from $32 trillion before the financial crisis, data from the Bank for International Settlements show. Dealing in credit swaps, which have been blamed for exacerbating the 2008 financial crisis, has become more expensive for lenders like Deutsche Bank as regulators across the U.S. and Europe require banks to hold more capital to back trades, reducing the returns for shareholders.
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Among measures that regulators have enacted since the crisis is requiring large swaths of credit swaps to be backed by clearinghouses, which are capitalized by banks and require traders to set aside collateral, or margin, to cover losses if they can’t make good on the transactions. Much of the market, where the privately negotiated trades have typically been done over phone calls and e-mails, is also being shifted to electronic systems.

The regulatory crackdown pushed some of Wall Street’s most profitable credit derivatives and corporate-bond traders to less-regulated hedge funds. One trio of Deutsche Bank credit traders departed the bank’s New York office for hedge funds in 2011 and 2012 after making a combined $1 billion for the firm during the two preceding years, people with direct knowledge of the situation said in a 2012 Bloomberg News story.

Brookfield Investments, proud issuer of BRN.PR.A (which trades by appointment only and is not tracked by HIMIPref™) has been confirmed at Pfd-2(low) by DBRS:

The rating continues to be based on the strength of Brookfield Investments’ owner (Brookfield Asset Management Inc. or BAM: rated A (low), Stable trend by DBRS), as well as the Company’s relatively stable portfolio of real estate and asset management investments, with strong asset and dividend coverage. The rating remains limited by Brookfield Investments’ exposure to the volatility of overall capital markets, concentration of investments in the real estate sector, lack of investment restrictions and the relative illiquidity of unlisted investments.

Overall asset coverage (based on market values) for the Senior Preferred Shares increased to 17.49 times (x), for the six-month period ending June 30, 2014 (H1 2014), from 14.60x a year earlier. This was mainly due to an increase in investment values, particularly the Company’s investment in Brookfield Property Partners (BPY). That said, Brookfield Investments’ portfolio continues to have a high degree of exposure to the real estate sector. The Company also reduced its investment in Western Forest Products Inc. (Western) by disposing of 26 million shares in January 2014. As at Q2 2014, the Company had a 12.0% ownership interest in Western. As a result of the aforementioned portfolio changes, the Company’s exposure to real estate investments was 67.3% (on a market value basis as at Q2 2014). Specifically, BPY represents 55.7% of the Company’s investment portfolio on a market value basis. This should continue to support overall market values and provide stable dividends going forward. DBRS believes that asset coverage of 17.49x for the Senior Preferred Shares (based on market values in H1 2014) and dividend coverage of 12.45x are strong for the current rating category and provide a good level of downside protection. In terms of future investments, DBRS expects the Company will focus on stable, income-producing assets, such as preferred or common shares in real estate and power sectors.

It was a mixed day for the Canadian preferred share market, with PerpetualDiscounts up 18bp, FixedResets off 1bp and DeemedRetractibles gaining 4bp. Volatility was average. Volume was low.

There are some thoughts that Keystone has missed the boat:

Delays of the Keystone XL pipeline are providing little obstacle to Western Canadian oil producers getting their crude to the U.S. Gulf Coast, with shipments set to more than double next year.

The volume of Canadian crude processed at Gulf Coast refineries could climb to more than 400,000 barrels a day in 2015 from 208,000 in August, according to Jackie Forrest, vice president of Calgary-based ARC Financial Corp. The increase comes as Enbridge Inc.’s Flanagan South and an expanded Seaway pipeline raise their capacity to ship oil by as much as 450,000 barrels a day. Canadian exports to the Gulf rose 83 percent in the past four years.

The expansion shows Canadians are finding alternative entry points into the U.S. while the Keystone saga drags on. In the latest chapter, a Democratic senator and a Republican representative are seeking votes in their chambers to set the project in motion. The two are squaring off in a runoff election for a Senate seat from Louisiana, a state where support for the project is strong.

“Keystone is kind of old news,” Sandy Fielden, director of energy analytics at Austin, Texas-based consulting company RBN Energy, said Nov. 12 in an e-mail. “Producers have moved on and are looking for new capacity from other pipelines.”

TransCanada Corp. (TRP)’s Keystone XL, which would transport Alberta’s heavy oil sands crude to refineries on the Gulf, has been held up for six years, awaiting Obama administration approval.

… so, naturally, it’s a big issue:

Republicans, emboldened by big gains in last week’s midterm elections, have chosen to make Keystone XL into the first battle of wills with a lame-duck president.

And Mr. Obama, so far, isn’t backing down.

… because we’ve got other means of transport:

It’s not uncommon to see mile-long trains of tanker cars cutting through the centre of Lac La Biche, carrying tens of thousands of barrels of crude to market, snarling traffic as they go. And it’s not about to stop. Former mayor Aurel Langevin, who ran the town from 2012 to this past spring, estimates that, a year ago, Lac La Biche averaged three oil trains a day. That figure is expected to hit about eight per day, carrying upward of 100 tankers each, in the year ahead.

This new reality for Lac La Biche, and thousands of other towns across North America, is symptomatic of the critical–and costly–transportation bottleneck that now hangs over the oil sands. The lack of options for transporting Alberta’s heavy crude south, to oil refineries on the U.S. Gulf Coast, means it is sold at a significant discount to the benchmark West Texas Intermediate.

TransCanada Corp.’s $5.5-billion Keystone XL pipeline was supposed to be a key part of the solution–until it became a symbol for the debate over whether new pipes should be built anywhere in North America.

Actively managed US equity funds have done particularly badly vs. their benchmarks this year – various reasons have been put forward:

Here are some of the most-common excuses cited for what Arthur Miller might call “Death of a Stock Picker”: the Federal Reserve’s spigot of liquidity led to tighter correlations and less dispersion among industry groups that made it difficult to identify potential outperformers. And the boom in exchange-traded funds is also credited with having a similar effect.

Tom Lee of FundStrat Global Advisors today contributed another handy excuse: blame Apple Inc. Or rather, blame yourself if you didn’t load up on Apple shares. Apple, the largest company in the world, has rallied 41 percent this year, about four times as much as the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index. Last year, the shares were only good for about a fifth of the S&P 500’s 30 percent gain.

Not owning Apple in 2014 was one of the biggest reasons managers trailed benchmarks this year, according to Lee, accounting for 81.3 basis points of an average 340 basis-point underperformance. Skipping Microsoft Corp., up 33 percent in 2014, was good for another 36.2 basis points in underperformance, according to Lee.

And while many fund managers are cursing this year’s 18 percent rally in utilities, Lee points out that the group only accounts for 3 percent of the S&P 500 so the absence of the entire industry in a fund would only be good for 25 basis points of underperformance.

The ‘higher correlation’ argument needs to be taken with a grain of salt: if we assume every stock in the universe has exactly the same return at all times, then every actively managed fund will underperform by its MER; but by no more than the MER.

AltaGas Ltd., proud issuer of ALA.PR.A, ALA.PR.E and ALA.PR.G, was confirmed at Pfd-3 by DBRS:

DBRS expects the recent improving trend in the Company’s credit metrics to continue as the full-year benefits from assets placed in service are realized. Cash flow-to-adjusted debt has improved to 11.8% in Q3 2014 (9.6% in 2012) and adjusted debt in capital structure has improved to 51.9% (60.2% in 2012). DBRS expects the Company to finance its capital expenditure program with a prudent mix of equity and debt and maintain credit metrics consistent with its current rating.

Wow, DBRS has specified some very precise expectations there!

It was another mixed day for the Canadian preferred share market, with PerpetualDiscounts up 19bp, FixedResets off 6bp and DeemedRetractibles gaining 13bp. Volatility was average. Volume was very low.

And now it’s time for my monthly PrefLetter weekend!

OSFI honcho Jeremy Rudin made a speech today at the Life Insurance Invitational Forum:

We are also consulting with you in the international arena. We have a Canadian, Frank Swedlove of the CLHIA, who recently completed his term as inaugural chair of the Global Federation of Insurance Associations. The federation is deeply engaged with the International Association of Insurance Supervisors – the IAIS, of which OSFI is a member.

OSFI has been promoting reforms in the organization. We are happy to see the IAIS adopting the practices and governance structure of other bodies that support the Financial Stability Board. The IAIS is improving its planning, organizational efficiency, focus, and governance. It is developing a formal, robust and transparent process to streamline stakeholder consultations. Given the extremely important assignments the IAIS has undertaken for the FSB, this is good news.

As part of these reforms, the Observer category at the IAIS is being eliminated. I know that some insurers are concerned that this reform will reduce transparency at the IAIS.

I certainly agree that the IAIS needs to keep a window open for the industry to contribute to its deliberations. I am very supportive of the new IAIS consultative mechanism. It is similar to OSFI’s own approach to consultations, so I am confident it will be satisfactory.
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If we at OSFI think that the eventual international capital standard for insurance companies is too low for Canadian purposes, we will set a higher bar. My successors may have cause to thank me for doing so, just as I am grateful to my predecessors who set a higher bar for banks.

On the other hand, when we judge that there is little or no value in exceeding an international minimum, we stay quite close to our agreements with global counterparts. Sometimes, that means bucking the trend, as with our decisions on preferred share issues and leverage limits for banks.

There have been six Canadian observers at the IAIS (FICONET was originally given two lines. Corrected 2014-11-14):

• · Assuris
• · Canadian Life & Health Insurance Association Inc.
• . FICONET (International Financial Consumer Protection Network)
• · Insurance Bureau of Canada
• · Manulife Financial
• · Sun Life Financial

The Global Federation of Insurance Associations says:

We understand that the growth of the IAIS means that the IAIS needs to evaluate whether the Observership role is functioning as intended. However, we do not understand what particular problems this proposed cancellation of Observership status is intended to solve. Rather, we believe this will make the IAIS standards development process less transparent overall, which we do not believe is the intention.
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We urge the IAIS to reconsider its proposed decision to generally exclude stakeholders from IAIS meetings. It should be best practice to always invite stakeholders to meetings, unless there are good reasons to exclude them, rather than the other way around. Exclusion of stakeholders from meetings should only be acceptable in a clearly prescribed set of circumstances such as, but not limited to, IAIS internal matters, budget issues, issues that concern only one stakeholder, etc.

NAIC is also opposed:

At the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) Annual General Meeting on October 25, members voted on observer membership status for non-member stakeholders. The vote, which took place in closed session, amended IAIS bylaws to end the observer membership status, which included participation in some IAIS meetings, in favor of creating new stakeholder consultation procedures.

“I am extremely disappointed in the outcome of Saturday’s vote to end observer status at the IAIS,” said Adam Hamm, NAIC President and North Dakota Insurance Commissioner. “Observers run the range of consumer advocates, insurance experts, and industry representatives – all of whom have critical input to share on the real-world consequences of decisions made by regulators. Shutting them out of the official process in favor of ‘invite only’ participation deprives IAIS members and stakeholders alike and could diminish the credibility of decisions made at the IAIS.”

… as are American insurers:

For U.S. insurance organizations, the proposed change slated to go into effect on Jan. 1, 2015, couldn’t come at a worse time. In addition to the common supervisory framework, the group also is considering capital standards as well as how to designate and supervise global systemically important insurers.

How IAIS deals with these issues could significantly affect U.S. insurers.

U.S. insurer groups fear the proposed meeting participation changes would harm transparency, and filed comments opposing the change during a comment period that ended earlier this month.

“We have been a longtime observer of the IAIS and we think that transparency is critical,” said Robert Neill, senior director of international and government affairs at the Washington-based American Council of Life Insurers. “The U.S. government system is built on a transparent process, and we’re concerned about any departure from transparency.”

Steve Simchak, director of international affairs at the Washington-based American Insurance Association, called the proposal “very concerning.”

“The work the IAIS is doing now could have major impact on insurance regulation here in the U.S. and also on U.S. insurance groups that operate internationally,” Mr. Simchak said. “We think as the work of the IAIS becomes more important, that’s a cause for more transparency and not less.”

… as does a European group:

We note the efforts and welcome the commitment to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of IAIS activities and decision-making processes. After all, many AMICE members contribute (indirectly, through the financing arrangements for their national supervisors) to the financing of the IAIS. Having said this, we wonder, however, why the abolition of observer status is being seen as an important step towards securing efficiency and effectiveness. We believe that in a clearly and transparently governed policymaking structure neither the independence nor the efficiency of the IAIS is necessarily compromised by the existence and involvement of observers.

However, since OSFI is a grossly incompetent organization with negligible analytical prowess, it is not surprising that they wish to make their decisions in secret. Assiduous Readers will also remember that OSFI’s consultation process is laughable.

Speaking of speeches, there was a most interesting presentation by Carolyn Wilkins of the Bank of Canada titled Money in a Digital World:

E-money is still a wallflower in developed countries where many people have bank accounts, although this could change quickly. Today it is more popular in countries where relatively fewer people have access to banking services.4 An example of this is Kenya, where many people use e-money called M-Pesa. M-Pesa is backed by the issuer and redeemable in the Kenyan shilling. It gives people a low-cost way to transfer money using their mobile phones. M-Pesa is used in some 2 million transactions each day, worth about $5 billion annually. That’s nearly 20 per cent of Kenya’s GDP.

Limited access to banks is not always the main motivator for the adoption of e-money. The Octopus card, in Hong Kong, was originally designed to pay for public transit. It proved so convenient that it is now used for over 13 million transactions each day – from transit to coffee to a pair of jeans.
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E-money is not big enough to pose material risk to financial stability in Canada at this time. That said, money and payments technology is progressing in leaps and bounds, and so the Bank of Canada is watching developments closely. The federal government also is undertaking a review of payment systems in Canada to ensure that the degree of regulation of payment systems and methods is appropriate. This review has resulted in the Bank of Canada having increased responsibility to oversee payment systems of economic and systemic importance.

There is little doubt that these innovations have some benefits. They give us more choice about how we make purchases, and can reduce the cost of certain transactions. Think about online purchases of pictures or songs. The transaction costs of traditional payment methods, such as credit cards, make these small-value purchases expensive. A $1 transaction could be done for no fee using Bitcoin while it could cost over 30 cents in fees using some merchant credit cards. E-money is also useful for sending money across borders. Traditional financial institutions offer these services, called remittances, but the fees can be as much as 10-12 per cent for small transactions. So, e-money has some benefits in certain economies, especially when cash is not a viable option.
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Some people have wondered whether widespread use of e-money could impair the ability of the central bank to conduct monetary policy. This is very unlikely because Canadian interest rates would still matter.13 Whether they use e-money or cash, as long as people and businesses pay bills and borrow in Canadian dollars, the Bank of Canada would still be able to achieve its monetary policy objective. When it comes to cryptocurrencies, however, the situation is different. In the unlikely situation in which cryptocurrencies were used broadly, a significant proportion of economic transactions would not be denominated in Canadian dollars. This would reduce the Bank’s ability to influence macroeconomic activity through Canadian interest rates. Let me be clear, we are nowhere near this point today. But if we were, it would be even more important to determine whether issuing e-money is a role that should be done by the central bank.

And the Bank of Canada Review – Autumn 2014 has been published, with articles:

• Recent Developments in Experimental Macroeconomics
• Should Forward Guidance Be Backward-Looking?
• Spillover Effects of Quantitative Easing on Emerging-Market Economies
• Firm Strategy, Competitiveness and Productivity: The Case for Canada
• The Use of Financial Derivatives by Canadian Firms

It was a mixed day for the Canadian preferred share market, with PerpetualDiscounts off 6bp, FixedResets up 15bp and DeemedRetractibles gaining 1bp. Volatility was average. Volume was low.